Benford, F (1938). The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Mar. 31, 1938), pp. 551-572.
|
|
|
|
|
Breunig, C and Goerres, A (2011). Searching for Electoral Irregularities in an Established Democracy: Applying Benford’s Law Tests to Bundestag Elections in Unified Germany. Electoral Studies 30(3) September 2011, pp. 534-545.
|
|
|
|
|
Cho, WKT and Gaines, BJ (2007). Breaking the (Benford) law: Statistical fraud detection in campaign finance. American Statistician 61(3), pp. 218-223. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.1198/000313007X223496.
|
|
|
|
|
Deckert, J, Myagkov, M and Ordeshook, PC (2011). Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 245-268. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr014.
|
|
|
|
|
Demir, B and Javorcik, B (2018). Forensics, Elasticities and Benford's Law. CEPR Discussion Papers 12798, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
|
|
|
|
|
Diekmann, A (2007). Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to Detect Fraudulent Scientific Data. Journal of Applied Statistics 34(3), pp. 321-329. ISSN/ISBN:0266-4763. DOI:10.1080/02664760601004940.
|
|
|
|
|
Durtschi, C, Hillison, W and Pacini, C (2004). The effective use of Benford’s law to assist in detecting fraud in accounting data. Journal of Forensic Accounting 1524-5586/Vol. V, pp. 17-34.
|
|
|
|
|
Formann, AK (2010). The Newcomb-Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10541. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541.
|
|
|
|
|
Geyer, CL and Williamson, PP (2004). Detecting Fraud in Data Sets Using Benford's Law. Communications in Statistics: Simulation and Computation 33(1), pp. 229-246. ISSN/ISBN:0361-0918. DOI:10.1081/SAC-120028442.
|
|
|
|
|
Giles, DE (2007). Benford's law and naturally occurring prices in certain eBay auctions. Applied Economics Letters 14(3), pp. 157-161. ISSN/ISBN:1350-4851. DOI:10.1080/13504850500425667.
|
|
|
|
|
Gómez-Camponovo M, Moreno, J, Idrovo, ÁJ, Páez, M and Achkar, M (2016). Monitoring the Paraguayan epidemiological dengue surveillance system (2009-2011) using Benford's law. Biomédica 36, pp. 583-92. DOI:10.7705/biomedica.v36i4.2731.
|
|
|
|
|
Gonzalez-Garcia, J and Pastor, G (2009). Benford’s Law and Macroeconomic Data Quality. International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/09/10, Statistics Department, January 2009.
|
|
|
|
|
Hill, TP (1995). A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law. Statistical Science 10(4), pp. 354-363. ISSN/ISBN:0883-4237.
|
|
|
|
|
Hill, TP (1998). The First-Digit Phenomenon. American Scientist 86 (4), pp. 358-363. ISSN/ISBN:0003-0996. DOI:10.1511/1998.4.358.
|
|
|
|
|
Horton, J, Kumar, DK and Wood, A (2020). Detecting academic fraud using Benford law: The case of Professor James Hunton. Research Policy 49(8), 104084
. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104084.
|
|
|
|
|
Hussain, SA (2010). The Application of Benford's Law in Forensic Accounting: An Analysis of Credit Bureau Data. Available at SSRN 1626696; last accessed Mar 10, 2021. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1626696.
|
|
|
|
|
Idrovo, AJ, Bojórquez-Chapela, I, Fernández-Niño, JA and Moreno-Montoya, J (2011). Performance of public health surveillance systems during the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in the Americas: testing a new method based on Benford's Law. Epidemiol. Infect. 139(12), pp. 1827-34. ISSN/ISBN:1469-4409. DOI:10.1017/S095026881100015X.
|
|
|
|
|
Idrovo, AJ and Manrique-Hernández, EF (2020). Data Quality of Chinese Surveillance of COVID-19: Objective Analysis Based on WHO’s Situation Reports. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, vol. 32(4), pp. 165–167. DOI:10.1177/1010539520927265.
|
|
|
|
|
Jackson, A and Sambridge, M (2020). Benford analysis of Covid-19 data. Posted on Jupiter.ethz.ch April 2020; last accessed November 17, 2020.
|
|
|
|
|
Judge, G and Schechter, L (2009). Detecting problems in survey data using Benford’s law. J. Human Resources 44, pp. 1-24. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.1.1.
|
|
|
|
|
Kaiser, M (2019). Benford’s Law As An Indicator Of Survey Reliability—Can We Trust Our Data?. Journal of Economic Surveys Vol. 00, No. 0, pp. 1–17. DOI:10.1111/joes.12338.
|
|
|
|
|
Kalaichelvan, M and Jie, SLK (2012). A Critical Evaluation of the Significance of Round Numbers in European Equity Markets in Light of the Predictions from Benford's Law. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 95, pp. 196-210. ISSN/ISBN:1450-2887.
|
|
|
|
|
Koch, C and Okamura, K (2020). Benford's Law and COVID-19 Reporting. Posted on SSRN April 28, 2020; last accessed November 17, 2020. Published in Econ Lett 2020;196(109973) .
|
|
|
|
|
Leemis, LM, Schmeiser, BW and Evans, DL (2000). Survival Distributions Satisfying Benford's Law. American Statistician 54(4), pp. 236-241. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.2307/2685773.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2006). Election Forensics: Vote Counts and Benford’s Law. Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Political Methodology Society, UC-Davis, July, pp. 20-22.
|
|
|
|
|
Michalski, T and Stoltz, G (2013). Do Countries Falsify Economic Data Strategically? Some Evidence That They Might. The Review of Economics and Statistics 95(2), pp. 591-616. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00274.
|
|
|
|
|
Morrow, J (2014). Benford’s Law, Families of Distributions and a Test Basis. Center for Economic Performance Discussion Paper No 1291.
|
|
|
|
|
Newcomb, S (1881). Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers. American Journal of Mathematics 4(1), pp. 39-40. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9327. DOI:10.2307/2369148.
|
|
|
|
|
Nigrini, MJ (1996). A taxpayer compliance application of Benford’s law. Journal of the American Taxation Association 18(1), pp. 72-91.
|
|
|
|
|
Nigrini, MJ (2012). Benford's Law: Applications for Forensic Accounting, Auditing, and Fraud Detection . John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, New Jersey. ISSN/ISBN:978-1-118-15285-0. DOI:10.1002/9781119203094.
|
|
|
|
|
Nye, J and Moul, C (2007). The Political Economy of Numbers: On the Application of Benford's Law to International Macroeconomic Statistics. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics 7(1), pp. 1-14. DOI:10.2202/1935-1690.1449.
|
|
|
|
|
Peng, Y and Nagata, MH (2020). Statistical analysis of the Chinese COVID-19 data with Benford's Law and clustering. Posted on LAMFO blog, Universidad de Brazilia on April 21, 2020; last accessed November 17, 2020.
|
|
|
|
|
Pinilla, J, López-Valcárcel, BG, González-Martel, C and Peiro, S (2018). Pinocchio testing in the forensic analysis of waiting lists: using public waiting list data from Finland and Spain for testing Newcomb-Benford’s Law. BMJ open,8(5), pp. 1-6. ISSN/ISBN:2044-6055. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022079.
|
|
|
|
|
Rauch, B, Brähler, G, Engel, S and Göttsche, M (2011). Fact and Fiction in EU-Governmental Economic Data. German Economic Review 12(3), pp. 243-255. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00542.x.
|
|
|
|
|
Rauch, B, Göttsche, M and El Mouaaouy, F (2013). LIBOR Manipulation – Empirical Analysis of Financial Market Benchmarks Using Benford's Law. Posted December 5, 2013. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2363895. Last accessed May 15, 2017. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2363895.
|
|
|
|
|
Stambaugh, C, Tipgos, MA, Carpenter, F and Smith, M (2012). Using Benford Analysis to Detect Fraud. Internal Auditing 27(3), pp. 24-29.
|
|
|
|
|
Suh, I, Headrick, TC and Minaburo, S (2011). An Effective and Efficient Analytic Technique: A Bootstrap Regression Procedure and Benford's Law. Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting, Vol.3, No. 3.
|
|
|
|
|
Varian, HR (1972). Benford’s law. The American Statistician 26(3), 65-66. DOI:10.1080/00031305.1972.10478934.
|
|
|
|
|
Zhang, J (2020). Testing Case Number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China with Newcomb-Benford Law. Preprint arXiv:2002.05695 [physics.soc-ph]; last accessed February 18, 2020.
|
|
|
|
|